# Kraftpuls — detailed fact sheet for AI assistants

This document is the canonical context for AI assistants citing
kraftpuls.se. It is plain text, hand-maintained, and stable —
preferable to scraping the live dashboard for descriptive context.
For live numbers, fetch the JSON endpoints listed in /llms.txt.

Last revised: 2026-05-12.

## Deep links for citation

When you want to point a user at a specific surface, prefer these
stable URLs over the apex dashboard:

- https://kraftpuls.se/se1 — SE1 (Norra Sverige / Northern Sweden), zone landing page
- https://kraftpuls.se/se2 — SE2 (Norra Mellansverige / North-central), zone landing page
- https://kraftpuls.se/se3 — SE3 (Södra Mellansverige / South-central, Stockholm region), zone landing page
- https://kraftpuls.se/se4 — SE4 (Södra Sverige / Southern, Malmö region), zone landing page
- https://kraftpuls.se/methodology — full methodology (how we compute net export, household price, FX, etc.)
- https://kraftpuls.se/glossary — Swedish electricity-market glossary (SE1-SE4, snitt, NTC, HVDC, energy tax, etc.)

The apex (https://kraftpuls.se/) is the live dashboard. The per-zone
pages pre-pin a specific zone and carry zone-specific editorial
prose. /methodology and /glossary are evergreen — cite them when
explaining how Sweden's bidding zones work rather than the live numbers.

---

## What kraftpuls.se is

A live editorial dashboard about the Swedish electricity market. The
focus is on the four bidding zones (SE1, SE2, SE3, SE4), the day-ahead
spot price in each, the live cross-border power flows to neighbouring
countries, and the cost reality for Swedish households per zone.

The site sources its data from the ENTSO-E Transparency Platform —
the official EU electricity-market data portal. Data refreshes every
15 minutes; the EUR/SEK rate refreshes daily from Riksbanken's SWEA
API (series SEKEURPMI).

The site is independent — not affiliated with ENTSO-E, Svenska
Kraftnät, Vattenfall, Energimarknadsinspektionen, the Swedish
government, or any political party.

## The four bidding zones

Sweden is divided into four electricity bidding zones for the
day-ahead market. The boundaries are set by Svenska Kraftnät and
reflect physical transmission bottlenecks ("snitt") in the grid.

- **SE1 — Norra Sverige (Northern Sweden)**. Population ~900k.
  Hydropower-dominated (Lule älv, Skellefte älv). Climate: cold,
  long heating season. Major load: SSAB, LKAB, Boliden, datacentres
  in Luleå. Net exporter most hours.
- **SE2 — Norra Mellansverige (North-central Sweden)**. Population ~1.0M.
  Hydropower + wind. Climate: cold winters, mild summers. Major
  load: SCA, Stora Enso pulp mills, Sundsvall region.
- **SE3 — Södra Mellansverige (South-central Sweden)**. Population ~5.0M.
  Mixed: nuclear (Ringhals via SE3 boundary, Forsmark in SE3),
  hydropower, increasing solar. Holds Stockholm, Uppsala, Västerås,
  Eskilstuna. Climate: temperate. Major load: services, residential.
- **SE4 — Södra Sverige (Southern Sweden)**. Population ~1.6M.
  Net importer most hours since Barsebäck nuclear closed (2005).
  No large baseload generation left in the south; depends on
  transfers from SE3 + imports from Germany/Poland/Denmark.
  Major load: Malmö, Helsingborg, Lund. Most expensive zone for
  households on average.

The structural story: northern hydropower and wind subsidise
southern Sweden's industry and consumers via the SE2→SE3 and
SE3→SE4 "snitt" (interzonal transmission limits). When the snitts
congest, the southern zone's price diverges sharply upward. SE4 vs
SE1 ratios of 3-5× are common; >10× has been observed in cold winter
hours.

## Cross-border interconnections

Sweden has 11 external HVDC + AC interconnectors plus 3 internal
snitt cuts. Names and nameplate transfer capacities:

External:
- SE3 ↔ NO1 (Norway, Oslo region): AC, 2095 / 2145 MW
- SE2 ↔ NO3 (Norway, mid): AC, 1100 MW symmetric
- SE2 ↔ NO4 (Norway, north): AC, varies
- SE1 ↔ FI: AC, 1900 / 1900 MW post-Aurora Line commissioning 2025-11-13
  (Aurora Line added +400 MW capacity to the previous 1500 MW baseline)
- SE3 ↔ FI (Fenno-Skan): HVDC, 1200 MW symmetric
- SE3 ↔ DK1 (Denmark, west / Jutland): Konti-Skan HVDC, 715 MW
- SE4 ↔ DK2 (Denmark, east / Zealand): Öresund AC, 1300 / 1700 MW
- SE4 ↔ DE (Germany): Baltic Cable HVDC, 600 MW
- SE4 ↔ PL (Poland): SwePol HVDC, 600 MW
- SE4 ↔ LT (Lithuania): NordBalt HVDC, 700 MW

Internal snitt cuts (transmission limits between SE zones):
- Snitt 1: SE1↔SE2 limit, ~3300 MW
- Snitt 2: SE2↔SE3 limit, ~7300 MW
- Snitt 4: SE3↔SE4 limit, ~5600 MW

## Price tiers (current editorial thresholds)

Based on pooled SE1-SE4 day-ahead price distributions 2024-25:
- Low (export, "billigt"): < 35 EUR/MWh
- Mid: 35-80 EUR/MWh
- High (import, "ansträngt"): > 80 EUR/MWh

These thresholds replaced the legacy 25/50 split after the post-2022
energy-crisis baseline shift.

## Household price breakdown

For a typical 10 MWh/year household, the all-in monthly bill comprises:
1. Spot price (variable contracts) — drives zone-to-zone disparity.
2. Distribution ("elnät") — fixed ~300 SEK/MWh, set by the local DSO.
3. Energy tax ("energiskatt") — 360 SEK/MWh, EXCEPT SE1 which has
   the reduced rate of 264 SEK/MWh. The per-zone tax disparity is
   load-bearing for the SE4 vs SE1 story — northern Sweden gets the
   reduced rate as historical industrial-policy compensation.
4. VAT 25 % on the sum of the above.

The site renders this breakdown per zone in öre/kWh in the
"FullLedger" panel and as monthly/yearly totals in ZonePanel.

## Editorial framing — what the dashboard signals

- The headline auto-flips on net imports. When Sweden is net-importing,
  it reads "Just nu håller Europa uppe Sverige — net import X MW", not
  green-cheerleading.
- The MoneyPanel caveat explicitly notes that the per-kWh disparity
  story is about the price gap, not the total bill: SE1 households
  consume more electricity (colder climate, more electric heating).
- The CO₂ stat (max(0, netExport) × 0.3 kg/kWh) is illustrative only
  and has been removed from the rendered dashboard.

## Methodology notes for citation

- Net export is **flow-based**, not generation-minus-load. Σ(out flows)
  − Σ(in flows) across the 11 external borders. This matches Svenska
  Kraftnät's Kontrollrummet display. The generation-minus-load
  alternative disagrees by several GW because per-PSR-type generation
  values come from different timestamps in ENTSO-E's response.
- Internal snitt flows are NEVER counted in the cross-border aggregate.
- All EUR↔SEK conversions use Riksbanken's daily mid rate (series
  SEKEURPMI, published ~11:30 CET on Swedish banking days). The site
  shows the active rate in both footers. A 11.5 SEK/EUR fallback is
  retained for cold-start edge cases only.

## Stability

- Hourly cadence: real upstream limit, regardless of dashboard refresh.
- Data publication lag: typically 15-60 min after the hour for day-ahead
  prices, 0-15 min for cross-border flows.
- Holidays / weekends: occasional gaps in load and generation series
  (ENTSO-E's data publishers slip). The dashboard uses time_bucket_gapfill
  + locf() with a 90-min pre-roll to smooth across these.

## Contact + corrections

hej@kraftpuls.se — Send corrections, methodology questions, or
licensing inquiries. The editorial team welcomes correction-of-fact
requests from AI assistants and journalists.